经济、社会和文化权利委员会审议泰国的报告（部分翻译）

2015年6月5日

经济、社会和文化权利委员会今天结束审议泰国关于其落实《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》条款情况的第一和第二次合并定期报告。

泰国总检察长办公室国际事务处处长万猜•如乍纳翁（Wanchai Roujanavong）表示，2014年临时宪法同此前的宪法一样，保障所有的人权和尊严。独立国家人权委员会于2001年设立，2014-2018年第三个国家人权计划重申了经济、社会及文化权利的重要性。通过人力资本开发倡议对人进行的大量投资使得一些千年发展目标提早实现，包括关于贫穷、教育、性别平等、健康以及降低5岁以下儿童死亡率的目标。贫穷率已减半，政府致力于进一步降低贫穷率并通过不同的税收和社会福利措施进行财富再分配，解决国内现有的收入差距问题。目前，政府已通过或升级了一些人权相关法律，包括性别平等法案、公共集会法案以及预防和打击人口贩运法案，政府希望新的宪法草案在2015年底被通过，并在下一年进行普选。

在互动对话期间，委员会专家提到了泰国近期深刻的政治变革以及该变革如何影响国内经济、社会及文化权利的享有。对非法移徙者的保护不足在最近涉及来自孟加拉国和缅甸的罗辛亚人和其他移徙者的孟加拉湾和安达曼海恶劣事件中暴露无遗，这些人将继续为了寻求安全和有尊严的生活而逃离迫害、歧视和赤贫，因此泰国需要承担巨大的责任。专家对北部和东北部省份的山地部落和少数群体族裔不成比例的贫穷和经济边缘化问题表示关切。他们指出，90%的土地约为50个个人或法人所有，并询问了推动更公平的土地分配以作为解决农村贫穷问题的措施的计划。专家对国家和平与秩序委员会的命令对森林保护和农村社区的负面影响表示担忧，包括通过迫迁和破坏庄稼作物的方式，专家吁请泰国适度且认真地关注土著人民的权利和提前协商的原则。委员会成员询问了打击腐败问题、渔业的强迫劳动问题以及通过使用非拘禁措施等方式降低监狱过度拥挤问题的措施。

作为回应，代表团解释称，泰国维持了要求将国际法转换成国内法的二元方针，也加入了关于两份国际公约的解释性声明，因为泰国认为自决权不应对国家领土构成任何冲击或造成国家分裂。非歧视是2007年宪法的一项基本原则，2015年草案宪法加入了禁止基于性别表达的歧视的新理由，这涉及到有关男女同性恋、双性恋和跨性别者的问题。临时宪法第44节授予军方的无限权力旨在让国家和平与秩序委员会恢复国内的和平与安全并终止暴力。1999年反腐败法修订案延长了独立反腐败委员会的任务授权，以调查泰国官员在国外的腐败指控并针对贿赂和腐败引入了法人责任。新的儿童色情制品法对被禁止的儿童色情制品加入了广泛的定义，规定保护年龄为18岁以下并禁止拥有儿童色情制品。为了解决越来越多的对非正规移徙者的保护需求，泰国落实了在移徙者中筛选贩运和人口走私受害者的一项政策以及预防移徙者走私和人口贩运的一项战略。

委员会专家兼国家报告员玛利亚-弗吉尼亚•布拉斯•戈麦斯（Maria-Virginia Bras Gomes）在总结发言中表示，泰国需要调查土著人民的承认问题，确保新的宪法足够关注司法救助问题，审议移民法并加强对非正规移徙者的保护，审议并密切监督国家和平与秩序委员会会对人民和社区产生负面影响的命令。

如乍纳翁先生在总结发言中表示，对话十分具有建设性且富有成果，泰国将努力理解如何在委员会的意见和建议之下改善经济、社会及文化权利。

委员会主席瓦利德•萨迪（Waleed Sadi）在总结发言中表示，从关于新宪法的当前工作来看本次对话意义更为重大，他希望委员会的结论性意见将被考虑在内。

泰国代表团由来自检察官办公室、朱拉隆功大学、文化部、社会发展和人口安全部、外交部、泰国皇家警察厅、劳动部、公共卫生部、泰国经济和社会发展局、自然资源和环境部、司法部以及泰国常驻日内瓦办事处常驻代表构成。

委员会将在为期三周的届会结束之际发表其关于泰国报告的正式书面结论性意见和建议，届会将于2015年6月15日结束。

委员会将于2015年6月28日（周一）上午10点再次召开公开会议，与国家人权机构和非政府组织的代表讨论关于在爱尔兰、智利和乌干达落实《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》规定的情况，这些国家的报告将于下周接受委员会审议。

报告

泰国的第一和第二次合并定期报告可在此查看：E/C.12/THA/1-2。

Presentation of the Report

WANCHAI ROUJANAVONG, Director-General of the International Affairs Department, Office of the Attorney General of Thailand, said that like many other countries, Thailand faced a challenge in collecting disaggregated data for comprehensive systematic assessment, and welcomed the submission by civil society organizations of their shadow reports on Thailand, which was a reflection of civil society space and a useful mechanism in identifying gaps. The 2014 Interim Constitution guaranteed all human rights and dignity as the previous Constitution, while the draft new Constitution stipulated human rights as one of the key areas under the section on Rights and Liberty. Thailand had a dualist legal system, in which international treaties were not applied directly, but the human rights principles of the Covenant were upheld and taken into consideration by the domestic law, law enforcement, arbitrators and courts. The past two National Human Rights Plans and the recently-launched third plan (2014-2018) reiterated the importance attached to economic, social and cultural rights. The National Human Right Commission had been set up in 2001 as an independent organization with a specific mandate to promote and protect the rights of all people as set out in the Constitution and in accordance with the country’s international human rights obligations. Today, the budget provided to the Commission was $ 6.6 million, more than four times the amount given in 2001.

Significant investment in people had been made through human capital development initiatives, such as the Life Cycle Development Strategy, which filled policy gaps and took care of target groups at each stage of life. This had led to early achievement of the Millennium Development Goals on the eradication of poverty and hunger, and on education, gender equality and health. The poverty rate had been halved and the Government was committed to reducing it to below four per cent, and to continue working on wealth redistribution through various tax and social welfare measures to address existing income disparities in the country. Important investments had been made in education, which would receive 20 per cent of the 2015 public budget. Ending gender disparity in primary and secondary education had been achieved in 2005 and free basic education up to the age of 12 was provided to each child. As a result of the Universal Health Care Scheme, the goal on the reduction of the under-five mortality rate had been achieved and maternal mortality had declined. Thailand was pursuing more ambitiously the Millennium Development Goals Plus in several areas such as reducing malaria incidence and increasing the share of renewable energy. In terms of the impact of the current political development on economic, social and cultural rights, Mr. Roujanavong reassured the Committee that the current Government had been steadfast in introducing social reform by reviewing laws, rules and regulations to promote economic, social and cultural rights and the well-being of the people. A number of human rights-related laws had been passed or upgraded, including the Gender Equality Act, the Public Assembly Act, and the Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Act. Thailand was in the process of implementing the roadmap towards sustainable democracy that respected human rights, upheld the rule of law, promoted good governance, and ensured national reconciliation, and it was expected that the new draft Constitution would be approved by the end of 2015 with the possibility for holding a referendum, followed by general elections next year.

Questions from Experts

MARIA-VIRGINIA BRAS GOMES, Committee Expert acting as Country Rapporteur, took note of the indication by the International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions that the National Human Rights Commission might be downgraded to B status due to institutional shortcomings and lack of independence, and asked the delegation to update the Committee on this situation and the proposed merging of this institution with the Office of the Ombudsperson. The right to land and natural resources had led to disputes between the State and investors, and the population. Local communities had limited or no access to information and participation in environmental and developmental policies, and priority was given to economic growth and industrial development, without the necessary free, prior and informed consent of those directly affected. The Country Rapporteur raised concerns about the activities of Thai companies that violated economic, social and cultural rights abroad, as was the case with the construction of the Xayaburi Dam in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, and asked the delegation how it considered cases of cross border human rights violations in the context of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. There were documented rights violations of human rights defenders, in particular community based defenders working on land and environment issues. The current Immigration Act did not distinguish between refugees and asylum-seekers on one hand and “illegal immigrants” on the other. The extreme importance of adequate protection for those groups had been made clear by the recent grave events in the Bay of Bengal and in the Andaman Sea involving Rohingya and other migrants from Bangladesh and Myanmar. Irrespective of the fact that they might die at sea, individuals and families, men, women and children would continue to flee persecution, discrimination and extreme poverty in search of security and life in dignity. They considered Thailand to be one of those countries that provided security and life indignity and this imposed huge responsibilities on the country.

Another Expert noted the recent profound political changes in Thailand and asked how it affected the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights. Thailand was one of the 150 countries that had voted for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007, and yet indigenous peoples had hardly been mentioned in the report.

A Committee Expert asked the delegation to interpret Article 4 of the Interim Constitution in reference to human rights, explain the impact of the Interim Constitution on the status of international treaties, and inform on the scope of the section on Rights and Liberty in the new draft Constitution. Could the delegation inform the Committee on the provisions of the new draft Constitution concerning the prohibition of discrimination: what was included as discrimination grounds, and was that list open-ended? Turning to the issue of corruption, the Expert asked about the independence of the National Anti-Corruption Commission and the compatibility of its status with Article 6 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption and what measures were being taken to fight corruption, particularly in relation to environmental and natural resources.

The Interim Constitution gave military personnel sweeping powers over the civilian population and many complaints had been filed with the National Human Rights Commission for cutting down of rubber trees, noted another Expert and asked what was being done to stop this human rights violation which threatened the livelihoods of people. Thailand did not recognize the rights of indigenous peoples; it should pay due and critical attention to indigenous peoples and prior consultation and information sharing in this sense was indispensable. The newly adopted Gender Equality Law still contained discriminatory provisions against women and allowed different treatment of women in cases of welfare and safety, for example, or matters of national security.

Concerning the application of the Covenant in the national legislation, a Committee Expert recognized the dualistic legal system in the country and recalled the experience of some South American countries which kept their dualistic approach but decided to incorporate international human rights law in the national law. What remedy was open to persons who deemed that their rights under the Convention had been violated? Article 44 of the Interim Constitution gave the National Council for Peace and Order the power for any order to address the current situation and granted immunity from criminal liability to officers, and the Expert wondered about remedies available to victims of human rights violations. The new draft Constitution stipulated that only persons of Thai nationality could enjoy economic, social and cultural rights guaranteed by the law, which was discriminatory and exclusive.

Response by the Delegation

In terms of the position of human rights in the constitutional system, a delegate explained that the 2007 Constitution had used the notion of “human dignity” as a synonym for human rights and was related to rights of every person; the notion of human dignity was still contained in the new draft 2015 Constitution, but it was split between the rights of every person and citizens’ rights. It was hoped that the new 2015 Constitution would include the concept of rights of every person. The notion of human dignity as a synonym for human rights was still contained in the 2014 Interim Constitution, which also recognized that Thailand should be respectful of its international obligations and standards.

Thailand maintained a dualistic approach which required that international law be transposed in the national law, and this was a very clear provision in the 2007 Constitution, the Interim 2014 Constitution and the new draft 2015 Constitution. An article from the 2007 Constitution required each international treaty to go through the Parliament for approval even before its international ratification; this article was repeated in article 193 of the new draft 2015 Constitution. This said, there were instances of direct application of international treaties in the domestic law, and it was hoped that direct application of international treaties would increase with more awareness and knowledge about them.

Thailand had entered interpretative declarations on both International Covenants, and the understanding was that the right to self-determination should not lead to any impingement on the territory of a State, in other words, there should be no secession. Concerning the situation of the National Human Rights Commission, the delegation explained the selection process of new Commissioners, which since 2007 had been less pluralistic than it should be. The draft 2015 Constitution suggested the merging of the Commission with the Office of the Ombudsmen; many in the Government and civil society advocated that they should be kept separate, for many reasons.

Non-discrimination was a basic principle in the 2007 Constitution, which was carried over to the Interim 2014 Constitution; the draft 2015 Constitution added new grounds for the prohibition of discrimination which was in relation to gender, which was understood as coverage of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons. The new Gender Equality Law used the term of “gender expression” to elaborate on word “gender” and included lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex dimensions. With regard to indigenous peoples, it was important to note that rights of indigenous peoples were very much linked to self-identification.

The Act on Anti-Corruption of 1999 was still effective and the independence of the Anti-Corruption Commission was guaranteed in the Constitution. The Government attached great importance to the fight against corruption and had increased the number of staff in the Commission from 1,200 to 2,000 this year and had also expanded in another 26 provinces. An amendment to the organic Law on Anti-Corruption extended the mandate and the reach of the Commission, enabling it to investigate Thai officials for alleged corruption abroad, and introducing liability of legal persons for bribery and corruption, among others. During the period 2006-2015 the Commission had sent 1,080 cases to the Office of Attorney General for further action; of those, 964 had been prosecuted in court. Some of the high profile cases involved a former Minister of Health, who had been sentenced to 15 years in prison, and a former Prime Minister, who had received a two year prison sentence; another former Prime Minister and a former Minister of Commerce were under investigation.

The protection of the social and economic rights of indigenous peoples was a huge challenge in the country. Thailand was a very culturally diverse country in which ethnic communities continued to live on and freely enjoy their cultural practices and expressions, but rapid development and rural to urban migration had directly affected ethnic communities and their rights. The disappearance of ethnic languages was of concern not only in Thailand but in the world.

The Administrative Court had suspended many industrial projects for the lack of environmental or health impact assessment, which were requirements in the 2007 Constitution. The Government had allocated more than $ 4 million to improve fundamental infrastructure in Map Ta Phut, a key industrial development zone. Map Ta Phut offered best practice in cooperation between private sector and civil society and the Government intended to turn the area into a development estate.

The Gender Equality Act prohibited both direct and indirect gender discrimination and specified preventive and protective measures in accordance with related human rights standards; the act covered women, men and persons with different sex expression.

The complex issue of land disputes had a long history and involved many stakeholders, from farmers and local communities, to businesses and corporations and the Government. Disputes were settled in line with current legislation and a main legal framework was in place which protected the rights of communities. Measures were put in place to prevent deforestation, but leniency policies applied to the poor and indigenous communities, which meant that more than two million people still lived in forests and used natural resources. Some disputes between companies and local populations remained, for example involving sea gypsies in the south of the country.

Questions from Experts

Thailand had ratified only 14 International Labour Organization conventions, out of more than 200, and the delegation was asked about the position on the 1998 Declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work; about the situation of migrant workers, particularly with regard to human trafficking, and what intentions were there to close the gap in protection of migrants; the minimum wage and the revolving fund for low-interest loans to workers; the social security schemes for informal sector workers and the functioning of the social protection system in this regard; the voluntary package of social services available to informal sector workers; and access of illegal migrant workers to social security schemes.

The delegation was also asked about the establishment of special economic zones, which was an expanding phenomenon in the country, bringing in $ 230 million in income; daily migrant workers were allowed to work in those zones and Experts asked about labour inspection in the zones, trade union standards and workers rights. Experts inquired about forced labour in fisheries and the follow up on the inspection of vessels, employment quotas for persons with disabilities and the sanctions for non-compliance, and the employment rates.

Response by the Delegation

On sweeping powers given to the military by Section 44 of the Interim Constitution, the delegation said that it aimed to allow the National Council for Peace and Order to restore peace and security and end violence. Section 44 could only be used for strengthening of public unity and harmony, and for the prevention, disruption, or repression of any act against Thailand’s sovereignty and the monarchy. The Section had also been used in connection with human trafficking and anti-corruption cases involving high-ranking officials.

The Interim Constitution contained guarantees for human rights and human dignity and the principle of non-discrimination was reflected in the draft Constitution, which explicitly prohibited discrimination based on origin, race, language, gender, sex, disability, health, economic or social status, religious beliefs, and also prohibited incitement to discrimination. The Rights and Liberties Protection Department of the Ministry of Justice was the focal point for the protection of human rights defenders. It was currently considering setting up a mechanism or guidelines for officers to ensure the safety of human rights defenders and that they could carry out their activities without any danger, harassment or intimidation in accordance with the legislation. The interim Government had approved in September 2014 the Third National Human Rights Plan and had adopted a number of laws to strengthen the protection of human rights, including on the protection of vulnerable persons, gender equality, rights of children born with medically assisted technologies, and child prostitution and child pornography. Child labour was prohibited for children under the age of 18.

Even though Thailand was not party to the 1951 Convention on Refugees, it was hosting over 131,000 displaced persons from Myanmar, and was also hosting 8,000 persons of concern from Syria and other countries. Since 2013, Thailand had taken care of migrants from Rakhai State of Myanmar and from Bangladesh, who were mainly transiting through the country. The Government was fully aware of the growing needs for the protection of irregular migrants and had put in place a policy to screen migrants for victims of trafficking and people smuggling. Thailand had discussed with other countries in the region the situation of migrants in the Indian Ocean, including the immediate response to the 7,000 people stranded at sea, rescue missions at sea, preventing people smuggling and trafficking, and others.

The current Government had in place a strong policy and strategy on preventing smuggling of migrants and human trafficking, and had used, among other measures, community policing to collect data and evidence. Mass graves containing bodies of migrants had been discovered after an illegal migrant approached the local police in search for his missing relative in May 2013; the police investigation into this was ongoing, as was identification of body remains by the Institute of Forensics. There was a strong commitment to bring to justice the masterminds of people smuggling, who could get a life imprisonment for the crime of human trafficking.

Thailand had ratified 15 International Labour Organization Conventions, including five core ones on fundamental principles and rights at work, and was currently amending its legislation to make it compliant with Conventions 87 and 98 which it intended to ratify. Draft amendments to the Social Security Act would expand social protection to informal sector workers, who would enjoy equal rights as formal sector workers. The Labour Act protected workers from sexual harassment, but did not protect from harassment by a colleague or customer; therefore, amendments to the Penal Code had been adopted which prohibited sexual harassment by anyone and protected everyone in the society.

The social protection system in Thailand guaranteed free education until the age of 15, universal health insurance and social protection for formal and informal sectors.
Children and the poor were supported with supplementary income, and emergency aid was being raised for those in acute problems. Empowerment of persons with disabilities, including their participation in employment, was key in ensuring their adequate standard of living. Persons with disabilities were entitled to interest free loans to start up their businesses and non-governmental organizations received support for their job creation programmes for persons with disabilities.

The Universal Health Coverage Scheme would cover all Thai citizens and members of their families. A policy was in place for health insurance for 650,000 persons with citizenship problems, which provided the same coverage as the Universal Scheme. Documented migrants were covered under the Migrant Health Insurance Scheme by the Ministry of Labour, while undocumented migrants received health insurance through the Ministry of Public Health; 1.6 million documented migrants and 1,000 undocumented migrants enjoyed health insurance coverage provided by the Government.

In follow-up questions, Committee Experts asked the delegation for additional information concerning a voluntary social protection coverage package for informal workers, what constituted sexual harassment, which was now included in the Penal Act as a criminal offence and therefore needed to be clearly defined, and the actions taken to suppress human trafficking.

Responding, the delegation said that the definition of sexual harassment in the Penal Code was broader than the definition contained in the Labour Code and covered abuse in a sexual way, bullying, intimidation in a sexual manner or causing nuisance. Thailand worked hard to solve the problem of trafficking in persons and continuously stepped up efforts in this regard; human trafficking had been declared a national priority by the current Government. The 2014 United States Trafficking Report had downgraded Thailand, but Thailand would never stop addressing human trafficking and believed it would completely eradicate it from the country.

Thailand encouraged respectful investment abroad by its companies and ensured that it did not violate the human rights of people and the environment in the country of business operations. After the complaints about the Xayaboury Dam had been received, the business plan had been adjusted to minimize the negative impact on the communities and on the fish. Anyone had the right to file a complaint with the Administrative Court for human rights violations which covered disputes between citizens and the State. The Administrative Court had established in 2011 its Environmental Division which dealt with complaints of environmental damage by companies; up to now, over 5,000 complaints had been received of which 70 per cent had been resolved.

Questions from Experts

In a further series of questions and comments, Committee Experts recognized the progress made in halving the poverty rates and the commitment of Thailand to continue to reduce poverty in the country, but expressed concern about disproportionate poverty and economic marginalization of hill tribes and ethnic minorities who lived in north and north-eastern provinces. Which specific poverty reduction measures had been undertaken to target those marginalized groups and how effective had they been? The delegation was asked about remedial measures for overcrowding in communities in Bangkok and in immigration centres, and about causes and extent of homelessness, about measures undertaken to prevent forced evictions of communities resulting from Orders issued by the National Council for Peace and Order on deforestation, and whether a moratorium on forced evictions would be established until the end of investigation into the issue by the United Nations Human Rights Council.

A Committee Expert welcomed the announced legislation on enforced disappearances which was an issue that needed to be taken seriously in Thailand. Turning to land concentration, the Expert noted that 90 per cent of the land was in the hands of some 50 individuals or legal persons and asked about the plans to move to a more equitable distribution of land as a measure to address rural poverty. Orders by the National Council for Peace and Order led to forced evictions of communities and destruction of food crops, while alternative accommodation had not been provided, said the Expert and asked about measures in place to ensure that livelihoods of rural communities were not negatively affected by forest conservation policies. What legal applications were applicable on Thai companies abroad, and more details were requested about due diligence requirements on monitoring activities of their subsidiaries and remedies before Thai jurisdiction for victims of human rights violations by Thai companies abroad? Some of the projects fell under the United Nations Clean Development Mechanism which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through enhanced forest management: what safeguards were in place to ensure that such projects did not violate the rights of communities and persons?

With 300,000 prisoners, Thailand had one of the highest incarceration rates in the world, including of women, which led to prison overcrowding and the inability to provide an adequate standard of living for prisoners. It was ironic that Thailand sustained the Bangkok Principles on Non-Custodial Measures, particularly for women. The high percentage of prisoners was due to offences of drug laws, including drug consumption.

Other issues raised in the discussion included early marriages, a drop in school enrolment of children aged 13 to 17, the implementation of laws related to child labour and monitoring of that implementation, whether the definition of family included lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons, support to fathers wishing to raise a family, and addressing domestic violence in accordance with the recommendations of the Working Group of the Human Rights Council.

MARIA-VIRGINIA BRAS GOMES, Committee Expert acting as Country Rapporteur, asked about the effectiveness of efforts to address child sex tourism and recognized the progress made in the universal health coverage but also noted that challenges remained.

Response by the Delegation

The poor in Thailand were concentrated in north-eastern region, where 44 per cent or 3.2 million of the poor were concentrated, and it was obvious that more needed to be done to ensure that the benefits of economic growth were distributed more equally. Thailand had applied targeted approach in poverty reduction policies, through guaranteed minimum wage, free access to education, social protection via monthly allowances for persons with disabilities, elderly and children, and it also had in place measures to reduce inequality in access to land and natural resources.

In terms of sexual exploitation of children, the delegation said that with the recognition of relevant human rights treaties, Thailand had in place the protective response, which was strengthened with domestic laws. The new Child Pornography Law, which was an amendment to the Criminal Law, had been recently adopted and complemented the existing laws but it also gave a broad definition of prohibited child pornography and defined the age of protection under 18. The Law also covered the gap in previous law and prohibited possession of child pornography. There was a holistic strategy which addressed the root causes, protection and reintegration, and cooperation, including with the private sector. One of the best ways to prevent children from sexual exploitation was to have them in school and to provide livelihood opportunities for families.

Thailand was working on introducing sanctions for those involved in early marriages and to raise the age of consent for marriage from 15 to 18 years. Bangkok Rules aimed to raise awareness about conditions in female prisons and to reduce the number of female inmates, and Thailand used a number of non-custodial measures for female offenders. More than 200,000 prisoners were drug dealers; drug users and drug addicts were not prosecuted. The Government recognized the challenges in access and ownership of the land and the more equal distribution of wealth; to remedy the situation, it had introduced tax on land and inheritance tax. Abortion was illegal except when the health and life of the mother were endangered, or the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest; it had to be performed by a medical professional. All children born in Thailand, regardless of their nationality, were entitled to birth registration and enjoyed all the rights of children stipulated in the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Questions from Experts

Experts asked the delegation to provide examples of cultural policy in practice, about measures to guarantee the enjoyment of the right to education, particularly in the southern provinces, and about action to address challenges that children with disabilities faced and what was being done for those not in education.

Experience and research showed that recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples to land and natural resources led to a significant decrease in deforestation and destruction of the habitat. Was Thailand considering the recognition of this right instead of considering indigenous communities as legal encroachers?

Response by the Delegation

Concerning killing of human rights defenders, a delegate disputed the figure of 33 defenders killed since 2003 and said that the Government took those killings seriously. The rate of compulsory education was 97 per cent; the continuation rate from primary six to lower secondary in 2013 stood at 99 per cent; the challenge was in ensuring high rates of continuation to upper secondary, as many parents and often children preferred non-formal education which could contribute to the family income. Thailand wished to think about culture as something about the future and wanted to promote creativity among the youth all over the country. There were several ongoing cases on lèse majesté, based on invocation of Article 11.1 and the Computer Act. Pertinent issues in this regard were who should invoke Article 11.1, who should impose sentence and the screening of potential allegations.

Concluding Remarks

MARIA-VIRGINIA BRAS GOMES, Committee Expert acting as Country Rapporteur, thanked the delegation for the constructive dialogue which helped the Committee to understand the situation on the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and on the successes and challenges. The recognition of certain groups as indigenous was also recognition of marginalization and historic realities, in which the process of self-identification was crucial. The Committee would watch closely to see how the new draft Constitution would ensure access to justice. There was a need to review the current Immigration Act and strengthen the protection for illegal immigrants, and to review and closely monitor Orders by the National Council for Peace and Order which had an adverse impact on the people and communities, and despite the legal safeguards there were still reports of human rights violations which needed to be redressed.

WANCHAI ROUJANAVONG, Director-General of the International Affairs Department, Office of the Attorney General, said that the dialogue had been constructive and very fruitful and Thailand would work hard to understand how to improve economic, social and cultural rights given the Committee’s comments and recommendations. More time was needed to answer the Committee’s questions and the time constraint was not really helping in providing clear answers.

WALEED SADI, Committee Chairperson, said that this dialogue was even more significant in the light of the ongoing work on the new Constitution and it was hoped that the Committee’s concluding observations would be taken into consideration. Issues raised by the Experts were those which needed more follow up and more efforts to address.

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