人权理事会与宗教自由问题特别报告员以及人权和反恐问题特别报告员开展对话（部分翻译）

中午

2014年3月11日

人权理事会在午间会议中与联合国宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员海纳•比勒费尔特（Heiner Bielefeldt）以及在打击恐怖主义的同时促进与保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员本•埃默森（Ben Emmerson）开展小组互动对话。

比勒费尔特先生表示集体仇恨的表现并非像火山一样“爆发”，而是常常由恐惧和蔑视构成的特殊组合。这些表现会因地方腐败、利用宗教达成民族认同政治目的以及对宗教少数群体的边缘化等政治因素而加剧。为了打击这种仇恨，相关政策必须以普遍尊重人类尊严为基础，继而在建立信任方面进行投入。

埃默森先生就反恐和反叛乱行动中的武装无人机使用情况提交了他的报告。2013年，巴基斯坦未出现由武装无人机造成的平民伤亡，但阿富汗的数据增幅达三倍。由于武装无人机袭击愈见频繁，也门的情况也引起了担忧。对此，各方应就可适用的法律原则寻求国际共识，且急需针对报告中的8个关键法律问题展开辩论。

塞拉利昂、约旦、布基纳法索和智利作为相关国家进行了发言。

在集体互动对话中，代表们表示国际社会急需应对种族与文化不宽容和煽动暴力现象。《拉巴特行动计划》在平衡言论自由和煽动仇恨或暴力问题上发挥了有效作用。发言者就如何对其进行有效落实的问题进行了问询。有关武装无人机的使用问题，发言者表示各国应尊重其国际义务，抑制其领土内外的持续非法杀戮现象。发言者强调，平民伤亡方面的问责制问题必须得到解决。

代表伊斯兰合作组织的巴基斯坦、欧盟和代表阿拉伯集团的也门在集体互动对话中发言。

人权理事会将于明天（3月12日）上午9点恢复有关宗教自由问题和人权与反恐问题的集体互动对话。下一场会议将就促进和保护民间社会问题进行小组讨论。

联合国宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员的声明

联合国宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员海纳•比勒费尔特（Heiner Bielefeldt）表示，集体仇恨的表现危害社区间关系、危及个人和群体，且是国家机构和/或非国家行为者犯下的无数侵犯人权的根源。其表现并不会像火山一样“爆发”，而是人为造成的结果。人的行为或疏漏会在社会中造成看似无可阻挡的负面思潮。满溢仇恨的情感通常由恐惧和蔑视的特别组合引发，且可能导致不信任、狭隘、集体歇斯底里、蔑视性谣言和对假想阴谋的恐惧等恶性循环。地方腐败、抑制自由和坦率公开辩论的专制政治氛围、利用宗教达成民族认同政治目的以及对宗教少数群体的边缘化等政治因素更是火上浇油，进一步加剧了集体仇恨的表现。为抗击这种仇恨，相关政策必须以普遍尊重人类尊严为基础，继而在建立信任方面通过公共机构和沟通进行投入。

特别报告员就其对塞拉利昂、约旦和塞浦路斯的国家访问进行了报告，并就促进信仰间对话和宗教多元性方面的积极做法给出了例子。防止由仇恨引发的事件受到了国际社会的日益关注。人高级专员开展了一系列区域专家研讨会，并最终促成了强调在言论、宗教、信仰以及其他自由的基础上营造自由交流和进行公开讨论氛围必要性的《拉巴特行动计划》。国家和其他利益攸关方应制定全面政策，纳入非限制性和非禁止性活动。《拉巴特行动计划》强调为防止和应对煽动仇恨事件，首先需要有促进创造性和有效地行使言论自由的政策。倘若民间社会活动以可见可闻的方式驳斥构成歧视、敌意或暴力的鼓吹言论，则可在抑制这种行为方面产生卓有成效的影响，同时彰显对上述言论目标对象的声援与支持。

在打击恐怖主义的同时促进与保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员的声明

在打击恐怖主义的同时促进与保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员本•埃默森（Ben Emmerson）就武装无人机的使用问题呈交了他的报告。调查旨在评估反恐和反叛乱行动中的武装无人机使用情况，对其引起不成比例平民伤亡的指称进行调查。该问题对国际社会具有极为明显的重要性。联大通过的第68/178号决议强调需确保无人机的使用符合国际法，进一步表明了对该问题进行仔细审查的日益高涨的呼声。特别报告员表示，他在报告中阐述了由武装无人机造成平民伤亡的模式。2013年，巴基斯坦首次未出现无人机造成的平民伤亡，但阿富汗的数据较之去年增幅达三倍之多。由于武装无人机袭击愈见频繁，也门的情况也令人担忧。

该报告的两大支柱与问责制与透明性以及需就可适用的法律原则寻求国际共识相关。埃默森先生对世界各地被指造成平民伤亡的37起无人机袭击进行了证据审查。 虽然当事国家未公开作出任何官方解释，鉴于该类事件所引起的平民伤亡数量或比例，我们有足够理由怀疑这些行动是为非法。中期报告所设定的标准规定，相关国家有责任就使用致命武力进行公开解释并提供正当理由。而在报告审查的每一起案件中，其证据都达到了这一标准。特别报告员在呼吁国家提供解释时表示，这并非出于政治需求。无论在现在还是未来，袭击当事国都负有法律责任，必须将其实况调查结果公之于众。报告包含了8个急需进行辩论和解决的关键问题。目前，达成国际共识十分必要。特别报告员还就其对布基纳法索和智利的访问向理事会报告了最新情况。

Sierra Leone, speaking as a concerned country, thanked the Special Rapporteur on the freedom of religion or belief for his visit and his excellent report and reiterated its commitment to freedom of religion or belief, instituted in various provisions of its 1991 constitution. Sierra Leone recalled the Special Rapporteur’s note that it had worked hard to achieve a model of religious freedom and foster an “admirable culture of inter-religious and intra-religious openheartedness”. It drew particular attention to the Special Rapporteur’s comments on the role of religion in rebuilding Sierra Leonean society following the war, when religious communities played a crucial role in promoting peace and tolerance. The delegation expressed commitment to ensuring that religious freedom, tolerance and respect remained central to society and to promoting peace and preventing social divide, fragmentation or rise of religious extremism.

Jordan, speaking as a concerned country, thanked the Special Rapporteur on the freedom of religion or belief for his report and remarks. There had been many royal decisions guaranteeing respect for religious belief and the right to practice one’s religion in Jordan. Furthermore, Jordan had made interreligious dialogue and respect among religions one of its fundamental principles; its legislation guaranteed non-discrimination, equality, and acceptance of others. King Abdullah took the initiative to propose an interreligious week to the United Nations General Assembly in July 2010, stressing the importance of mutual understanding between religions. Legislation established the acceptance of new non-Muslim religions and freedom of belief as long as they were not in contradiction with public order. The number of measures was spreading the culture of tolerance and dialogue among religions; the acceptance of others was encouraged by organizing conferences or establishing cultural centres to promote tolerance and co-existence.

Burkina Faso, speaking as a concerned country, said it placed great importance on international instruments in the context of counter-terrorism. It took note of the report of the Special Rapporteur on counter-terrorism and welcomed its quality. Despite the fact that Burkina Faso had fortunately been spared from the scourge of terrorism, the Government had implemented legislation, in particular, on terrorism financing and through the ratification of the majority of the international instruments in this field. The report of the Special Rapporteur noted a number of the obstacles faced by Burkina Faso and the need for the international community to continue to provide the necessary support. The delegation therefore welcomed the recommendations made by the mandate holder and reiterated the Government’s intention to engage with international fora and other States in order to respond effectively. Burkina Faso expressed recognition for the Special Rapporteur’s work towards sparing innocent victims of terrorism.

Chile, speaking as a concerned country, reiterated its commitment to the international system of human rights and said for that reason it maintained open-ended invitations to mandate holders. The report of the Special Rapporteur on his visit to Chile addressed counter-terrorism legislation and focused on the Mapuche people. Chile clarified that neither social movements nor demonstrations were criminalised, as indicated in the report. However, the exercise of social movements or demonstrations could not undermine other rights and had to take place within the principles of security and democratic public order. Anti-terrorism legislation was not arbitrarily applied or with the aim to discriminate against members of the Mapuche community, but on acts of extreme violence which sought to cause terror or alter public tranquillity. Chile stressed that anti-terrorist legislation was applied only under exceptional circumstances and public attorneys followed the principles of legality and objectivity. Also that investigations in the context of crimes of terrorism were conducted within the relevant norms, including judicial independence.

Pakistan, speaking on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, said that the issue of hate speech must be tackled effectively and that the Article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provided clear guidance on what forms of hate speech must be prohibited by law. The Rabat Plan of Action was useful in balancing freedom of expression and incitement to hatred or violence. The issue of accountability for civilian casualties in the use of armed drones must be addressed.

European Union said that intolerance and incitement to violence were complex issues that required a multi-layered approach. It asked about the positive examples of addressing the root causes of religious hatred and how the Rabat Plan of Action could be effectively implemented. Concerning the use of armed drones, the European Union said that it expected States to respect their international obligations and to refrain from perpetuating unlawful killings inside or outside of their territory.

Yemen, speaking on behalf of the Arab Group, said there was dire need for the international community to confront the phenomena of racial and cultural intolerance. The dialogue between religions would bridge the gap and close the door to extremists. Mutual respect of each other must be the basis for freedom of expression so that attacks on a religion would not be allowed. The interdependence prevailing in the United Nations and the cooperation between countries were essential in addressing the use of armed drones.

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