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International standards
Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy
International human rights law provides a clear and universal framework for the promotion and protection of the right to privacy. The right to privacy is enshrined by the:
- Universal Declaration on Human Rights; Article 12
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Article 17
- Convention on the Rights of the Child: Article 16
- International Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families: Article 14
At the regional level, the right to privacy is protected by:
- European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: Article 8
- American Convention on Human Rights: Article 11
Other human rights instruments contain similar provisions. The right to privacy is included, for instance, in the following*:
- Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam: Article 18
- Arab Charter on Human Rights: Articles 16 and 21
- African Commission on Human and People's Rights Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa
- African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child: Article 19
- Human Rights Declaration of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations: Article 21
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Privacy Framework
- Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data
- Additional Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data regarding supervisory authorities and transborder data flows
- Council of Europe Recommendation No. R(99) 5 for the protection of privacy on the Internet
- European Union Data Protection Directive
*Note: OHCHR is not responsible for the content of external links.