The Independent Expert discusses the question of whether human rights obligations assumed by States and other actors apply outside the boundaries of such States. He also analyses whether the enjoyment of the right of peoples and individuals to human rights-based international solidarity requires States to protect, respect, fulfil and otherwise implement their international human rights obligations beyond their boundaries, and assesses what, if any, issues are associated with adopting a positive or negative answer to this question. The Independent Expert also identifies the limits of extraterritorial human rights obligations, especially in the context of State sovereignty and the vulnerabilities of particular peoples, and the extent to which it is possible to achieve the goals of international solidarity in the human rights field without an understanding of human rights obligations as having an extraterritorial dimension.