Summary

In the present report, the Special Rapporteur draws attention to spatial segregation as a major obstacle to enjoyment of the right to adequate housing. Spatial segregation is a reflection of multiple, compounded and intersectional forms of discrimination, results in violations of the equal and non-discriminatory enjoyment of the right to adequate housing, and is also linked to the violation of a wide range of other interrelated human rights.

In order to address and reverse the detrimental consequences of spatial segregation, it is important to understand its different forms, to identify it correctly, and to understand the frameworks and mechanisms through which it is manifested. Alongside historic forms of spatial segregation, such as those that existed in apartheid South Africa, the Special Rapporteur points to informal settlements, resettlement sites, gated communities and residential institutions as types of spatial segregation that can have similar damaging and long-lasting consequences. Measuring, spatial mapping and data visualization are identified as important tools for identifying cases of spatial segregation. The present report examines how land use planning and discriminatory zoning, physical barriers, forced evictions and displacement, social and public housing policies, and criminalization and stigmatization of vulnerable minority groups can become drivers of spatial segregation.

Finally, the report discusses how international frameworks, strategic litigation, housing policies, urban and territorial planning, and neighbourhood upgrading programmes can be effective in addressing and reversing the consequences of spatial segregation – and draws out relevant recommendations. The report is the second of two interrelated thematic reports of the Special Rapporteur. His first report on discrimination in the context of housing was presented to the General Assembly in October 2021.