This report sheds light on the widespread risk of expulsions from Libya's external land borders that fail to respect the prohibition of collective expulsion and the principle of non-refoulement. Additionally, the report documents how expulsions from Libya often place migrants in extremely vulnerable situations, including long and perilous return journeys, with migrants being forced to travel on overcrowded vehicles across remote stretches of the Sahara Desert, without adequate safety equipment, food, water and medical care. Despite these risks, the report documents how efforts to strengthen Libya’s external border security among donor governments and international organisations supporting Libya in its stated efforts to “combat illegal migration” are undermining human rights.